japan coastal erosion japan coastal erosion

J. Clim. A 24-hectare dry beach has been created along a breakwater to replace the dry beach at the mouth of a river which was been lost to harbor development. 204, 273287 (2004). Needless to say, there are also engineeringworks for coastal dis asters caused by wave overtopping, tsunamis, blockage of river mouths . (1996) Functional Evaluation of Artificial Dry Beaches Created for Mitigation, Papers on Coastal Engineering, Vol. 16, 140146 (2023). et al. %PDF-1.4 % Credit: Sophie Day, Author provided. The simulation results showed that the shoreline would retreat approximately 20 m by the end of this century owing to the rise in sea level; nevertheless, the wave climate change would not cause a. Plus, no manmade structure is completely immune from destruction in the wake of a tsunami. This has manifested, in large part, in the re-installation of these Tetrapods (and all of their concrete kissing cousins, like seawalls) along the most vulnerable coasts. Volume 43, Chapter 1: What is Beach Erosion? The problem of coastal erosion. trailer <<9C367EE84DB4476C88A7242DF47086D9>]>> startxref 0 %%EOF 91 0 obj <>stream The global Landsat archive: status, consolidation, and direction. Analysis of erosion speeds of sand-pebble coasts as determined by comparing of past and present topographic maps shows that coastal erosion has accelerated in the post-war era (Tanaka et al., 1993). Res. Coastal erosion is a problem of utmost importance in Japan because coastal erosion compromises the ability of coastal zones to act as front-line defenses against floods, tsunamis, and rough seas, to provide adequate utilization functions, and to maintain the integrity of shallow water ecosystems. Res. (2 points) Plunging breaker Spilling breaker Surging breaker Tsunami wave, What coastal erosion feature does the arrow point to in the image below? Healthy dunes and wetlands can provide a barrier between the water's edge and your property, creating a first line of defense. The state of the worlds beaches. Coastal erosion is a natural process which occurs whenever the transport of material away from the shoreline is not balanced by new material being deposited onto the shoreline. J. Clim. The coastlines of the four major islands total about 18,000 km, one-sixth of which is sandy beaches or deltas, the rest being cliffed, with or without narrow beaches or pocket beaches. One specific project which aims to both restore and create habitat is a project to create an artificial dry beach in Itsukai City in Hiroshima Prefecture. Analysis of the changes in the spatial area of dry beaches, seaweed beds, and coral reefs in Japan in the post-war period shows that the drop in dry beach area in the 1970s is particularly striking. A Tetrapod (which, Japanese engineers are quick to remind you, is a proper name, even if it has become a generic catchall) is a four-footed, porous, concrete "breakwater barrier" used to prevent. Sci. Specifically, it must address the ecological, human utilization, and disaster prevention aspects discussed above. The full satellite-derived shoreline dataset generated and analysed in the current study is available in the following Zenodo data repository: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4760144. Federal Authority 15 2. Some 37% of Ghana's coastal land was lost to erosion and flooding between 2005 and 2017. Geophys. The Massachusetts Coastal Erosion Commission was established in 2014 as part of the FY 2014 Budget Bill. As another example, a block shaped, gently slanted seawall on the Sumiyoshi coast in Miyazaki Prefecture was constructed so that sea turtles could lay their eggs on the beach. More than 1,000 of these Tetrapods cushions have been sold at shops across Japan since the companys quest began, and happy plushy owners include former Tetrapod engineers and coastal workers looking for a kawaii (read: twee) way to honor their profession. Automatic extraction of shorelines from Landsat TM and ETM+ multi-temporal images with subpixel precision. We use cookies on this site to enhance your user experience. The National Parks Act and the Seto Inland Sea Preservation Special Measures Act cover the protection of nature. One of the earli- est extensive beach nourishment projects undertaken in the United States was in Harrison County, Mississippi, in the 1950s. 0000000736 00000 n Coastal regions are intensely dynamic areas, and are of critical important to humans. The total land area of Japan is approximately 378,000 square kilometers (see Table 1). A. Coastal erosion in Japan. 11, 946958 (1995). 133, 113125 (2018). Use of and/or registration on any portion of this site constitutes acceptance of our User Agreement (updated 1/1/20) and Privacy Policy and Cookie Statement (updated 1/1/20) and Ars Technica Addendum (effective 8/21/2018). 8, 14365 (2017). Your California Privacy Rights | Do Not Sell My Personal Information It all comes down to geology. 0000001259 00000 n Lett. Eng. Extreme wave activity during 2013/2014 winter and morphological impacts along the Atlantic coast of Europe. The Japanese know all this too well. Japan is prone to seaborne natural disasters, including typhoon-induced flooding and high waves, and tsunamis or tidal waves. Thats what can mean the difference between life and death.. Geosci.) (1996) Reinvestigation of Coastal Zone Characteristics Evaluation Methods based on an Awareness Survey, Papers on Coastal Engineering, Vol. There is, however, no law that serves to coordinate all the relevant aspects of each of these separate laws. This is followed by Kerala on the west coast, which has 592.96 km of coastline and 46.4% of it (275.33 km) faced erosion. Mimura et al. Van de Lageweg, W. I., Bryan, K. R., Coco, G. & Ruessink, B. G. Observations of shorelinesandbar coupling on an embayed beach. In the last 10 years, the focus was primarily on off-shore barriers. Santoso, A., Mcphaden, M. J. 22, 615632 (2009). Your email address will not be published. Izumo, T. et al. Laws such as the Harbor Act, Fishing Port Act, and the Public Waterfront Landfill Act were set down separately and cover the development and utilization of Japans coastal zone. Oceans 112, 7 (2007). That puts things in a tenuous position when a hurricane or other natural disaster arrives as a one-off tool for destruction. 91, 490506 (1965). The coast of Okinawa Island has been subject to significant alterations leading to habitat loss (63.2% of the coastline artificially altered) and fragmentation (remaining coastline divided in 239 distinct tracts of mean length = 1.05 km). Increasing frequency of extreme El Nio events due to greenhouse warming. & Yu, J. Y. Blossier, B., Bryan, K. R., Daly, C. J. There are numerous other examples of restoration of the environment and creation of new environments in Japans coastal zones. A wide variety of structures have been built in Japan with the express purpose of preserving coastal areas against the above-discussed problems of typhoon-flooding, tsunamis, and slow coastal erosion. Geol. It looks like you're using an ad blocker. Ocean swells from the Tasman Sea and Southern Ocean are very energetic, and drive sand back and forth along this sparsely-inhabited shoreline. Hersbach, H. et al. At the same time, coastal zones are subject to intense use by humans-for transportation activities, resources and energy extraction, industrial uses, and recreation. 0000007270 00000 n Tamil Nadu, with a long coastline of 991.47 km, recorded erosion along 42. . This coincides with increased landfill in bays. A second objective is to aid in appropriate human utilization of coastal areas. Until recently prevention of disasters was the primary focus of Japanese coastal zone management. Lessons learnt show the manner in which excessive coastal development without clearly identified measures for beach protection can have widespread global ramifications. Then came the once-in-a-thousand-year tsunami. Young, A. P. et al. The past long-term shoreline change was found to be related to coastal protection measures according to Japan's national policy (Coast Act). (316 KB). Whats more, other companies have caught on, with things like Tetrapod-shaped ice molds now available for purchase. Mentaschi, L., Vousdoukas, M. I., Pekel, J.-F., Voukouvalas, E. & Feyen, L. Global long-term observations of coastal erosion and accretion. The land area is just about the same, but the ratio of the population density in the drainage basin is 60:1 in Tokyo Bays favor. Vidal-Ruiz, J. Climate change drowning West African coastline. Thus, Japan experiences relatively high sea temperatures and a warm climate given its high northern latitude. Lett. 123, 111 (2012). Erosion and tidal surges are threatening fishing communities in West Africa. & Howell, J. Kao, H. Y. 0000004176 00000 n A Tetrapod (which, Japanese engineers are quick to remind you, is a proper name, even if it has become a generic catchall) is a four-footed, porous, concrete breakwater barrier used to prevent erosion and water damage by dissipating waves. A seawall (or sea wall) is a form of coastal defense constructed where the sea, and associated coastal processes, impact directly upon the landforms of the coast.The purpose of a seawall is to protect areas of human habitation, conservation and leisure activities from the action of tides, waves, or tsunamis. Lawson, S. K. et al. Californians should expect a two-lane . Russell, P. E. Mechanisms for beach erosion during storms. Nat. In the 30-year period from 1962 to 1992 protective structures were built on about 4,248 km of coast. Phillips, M. S., Harley, M. D., Turner, I. L., Splinter, K. D. & Cox, R. J. Shoreline recovery on wave-dominated sandy coastlines: the role of sandbar morphodynamics and nearshore wave parameters. Methods 6, 91106 (2007). Barnard, P. L. et al. Young, I. R. Seasonal variability of the global ocean wind and wave climate. 3, No. KATOKU, Japan Standing on its mountain-fringed beach, there is no hint that the Japanese village of Katoku even exists. Today, the Maniapparel founder boasts over 50 stuffed Tetrapods of various sizes inside his own home, and clearly hes onto something. This highlights the inescapable need in Japan to make efficient use of its coastal zones. K.V., M.H.D., I.L.T. One of the purposes of Mimura et al.s method is to overcome the trade-offs between the objectives. along with their cute fake seagull companions. & Vandenhove, M. Primary drivers of multidecadal spatial and temporal patterns of shoreline change derived from optical satellite imagery. 39, 25 (2012). 1. Carrere, L., Lyard, F., Cancet, M., Guillot, A. Coastal erosion is a problem of utmost importance in Japan because coastal erosion compromises the ability of coastal zones to act as front-line defenses against floods, tsunamis, and rough seas, to provide adequate utilization functions, and to maintain the integrity of shallow water ecosystems. Development in the post-war era has resulted in Japans coastline becoming an artificial coastline. 96, 921938 (2014). The Eastern Pacific is particularly vulnerable to widespread erosion, most notably during the large 1997/1998 El Nio event. And boy, arent they popular. Castelle, B. et al. 0000002307 00000 n We also thank R. Ibaceta for his input and insightful discussions on ENSO and shoreline change. Cai, W. et al. 44, 24162426 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GL043215 (2010). Global Problem Solving Book: "Complexity, Security, and Civil Society in East Asia: Foreign Policies and the Korean Peninsula. Nat. Our website is made possible by displaying certain online content using javascript. So how do we live with it? County Authority 16 4. Yet, how sandy coasts respond to these basin-scale changes has to date been limited to a few long-term beach monitoring sites, predominantly on developed coasts. California has been planning for Highway 1's future for years, and the state's Coastal Commission has been charged with protecting the highway, Ewing said. Lett. While typhoon-induced floods and tsunamis cause enormous damage in a short period of time, the most serious damage to coastal areas has been wrought by slow coastal erosion over a long period of time. Model. In May 1961, the same year the papers of the Japanese coastal engineers were published, Nippon Tetrapod Co., Ltd.(Nihon Tetorapoddo Kabushiki Gaisha ) was founded in Tokyo "with production and sales of tetrapods, and design and installation of the construction thereof as the primary business objectives . New Tools for Erosion Management 17 1. Coast. Mimura, Nobou et al. The southern oscillation. 0000016030 00000 n J. If this does not resolve the issue or you are unable to add the domains to your allowlist, please see this FAQ. Data 6, 161 (2019). Soc. It stops the waves from beating down on the shore, whether during a gales of a tsunami or the daily lap of erosion. India lost about one third of its coastline to erosion between 1990 and 2016, putting at risk more than 560 million people living in coastal areas. Eng. Geophys. Japans Present Coastal Zone Management System In a time of both misinformation and too much information, quality journalism is more crucial than ever.By subscribing, you can help us get the story right. Japan is part of the Asian temperate monsoon climatic region, and it is bathed by the warm Japan Current on the Pacific side and Tsushima Current on the Sea of Japan side of the country. A stones throw off the coastline, dozens of gigantic, 10-ton concrete structures known as Tetrapods form a long row and lookif were being honestas if a giant dumped a behemoth box of jacks into the sea. Follow this author to. J. Climatol. Methods for creating a base for seaweed to adhere using blocks placed at the bottom of the sea and methods for transplanting seaweed have been employed to create sites for new seaweed beds. But the first step of recovery from the 2011 tragedy has been heaping up a stronger defense for the regionstarting with protections from the sea. 40, pp. How is erosion affecting the recovery of the Fukushima area? 20.5.1 ) is about 34,000 km long, including the coasts fringing the smaller islands. A record storm surge . Coastal erosion also, in essence, means that the land of Japan itself is lost. The ERA5 global reanalysis. (1990). He gestured to a scrubby patch of trees where a veritable forest once stood. Thus, prevention of disasters related to typhoons, tsunamis, and erosion is one important functional aspect of coastal zones that must taken into account in any ICZM schemes developed in Japan. Notify me of follow-up comments by email. 28, 903922 (2012). Introduction to the importance of coastal area in Japan. Proc. Mar. Geosci. & Turner, I. L. Sub-annual to multi-decadal shoreline variability from publicly available satellite imagery. El Nio in a changing climate. The authors express an urgent need for the implementation of coastal management strategies to help prevent beach loss. Coastal erosion, the combination of rising sea levels, storms, and human activity that leads to the wearing down of land, beaches, and rocks along the coast, has estimated economic costs of $500 . Creation of a healthy and stable environmental foundation is the goal of ICZM. Cai, W. et al. Sarah Baird is a writer and editor based in New Orleans. Monitoring confirmed the adherence of seaweed to the structures and a return of reef fish which were not present prior to construction. Critique 17 B. It is upon this foundation that the ecological, human utilization, and disaster prevention functions of the coastal zone rest. To achieve true ICZM, establishment of new laws and administrative bodies is desirable. Agricultural Structure Improvement Bureau of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Fisheries Agency of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Harbor Bureau of the Ministry of Transportation, and the River Bureau of the Ministry of Construction. Google Scholar. In contrast to typhoons and tsunamis, this damage is not the result of natural forces but human forces. In addition, the Sea of Japan side of Japan is buffeted by strong winds and rough seas in the winter. Southern Oscillation Influences on the Gold Coasts summer wave climate. The seawall, as you might imagine, is a tall, sloped structure intended to keep the sea and the land somewhat apart. Its area is 377,600 square miles (978,000 square km). The basis of ICZM is that it must strive to maintain a healthy environmental foundation. The environmental foundation is defined to be the coast type (craggy, pebble, muddy), and the combined characteristics of the atmo-sphere (climate, air quality, light, sound, odor, etc. Turner, I. L. et al. Its not as if, Kato laughs, America doesnt have the know-how or technology to go a more structurally-based route. Kilian Vos. 43, 21352143 (2016). A. Beaches in Japan have been eroding since the 1970s because of artificial land alterations and unsustainable coastal development. (While the Institute says that somewhere between 8-10 percent of Japanese coastlines are covered by concrete armoring, other outlets have estimated it may be upwards of 50 percent.). Instead, we want to build armor that gives people another 10 seconds to escape. Bracs, M. A., Turner, I. L., Splinter, K. D., Short, A. D. & Mortlock, T. R. Synchronised patterns of erosion and deposition observed at two beaches. This second edition presents new findings from field studies carried out on Japanese beaches, along with the development and improvement of the numerical model presented previously. As momentum grows around the world for reforestation, due in part to the need to sequester carbon, Japan's experience can inform countries like China, Pakistan and India. 0000019186 00000 n ), the hydro-sphere (sea climate, sea bottom topography, water quality and bottom quality, etc. In particular, dry beaches, seaweed beds, and coral reefs are important elements of coastal ecosystems. J. Download scientific diagram | Location of five beaches in Japan (Sendai, Niigata, Kashiwazaki, Kochi, and Miyazaki). Ludka, B. C. et al. Their attitude is one that feels more practical, and bleak, than anything ever expressed in the US when it comes to natural disaster prevention. These figures clearly underscore just how central coastal zones are to human activity in Japan. Erosion is the wearing away of rock along the coastline. Paek, H., Yu, J. Y. 0000001796 00000 n Change 4, 111116 (2014). Industrial development combined with the severity of sea conditions during typhoons and the fact that Japan has an inadequate natural supply of soil and sand, has resulted in a serious coastal zone erosion problem in Japan. Satellite-derived shoreline detection at a high-energy meso-macrotidal beach. 2. It is able to be beautiful and effective at the same time.. Since Cyclone Xaver struck the Norfolk coast in December 2013, threatening to destroy her bungalow atop the sandy cliffs of Happisburgh, she has been living in a ramshackle caravan perched on what is left of her small paddock. Changes in the National Coastline Based on a Comparison of Topographic Maps. Structures have been built along about two-thirds, or 9382 km, of this portion. Coast. We have some national parks where were trying not to use the concrete sea walls or anything like that in order to preserve the scenery. Reg. Conclusion Managing Coastal Erosion 15 A. Hawaii's Current Management Regime 15 1. Day and Robert James Nicholls, The Conversation. In fact, Tetrapods have become such an ingrained part of the Japanese landscape that theyve even gained some footing as a pop culture touchstone. 12, 4089 (2020). Coastal Erosion Countermeasures Taking into Consideration Laying of Eggs by the Red Sea Turtle. They can hit anywhere in Japan, but they are most common on the Pacific coast. Coast. Sarah Baird ICZM schemes must address both the human and natural elements of the total coastal environment. J. Geophys. On March 11, 2011, Japan experienced the unprecedented Tohoku earthquake. The Dashihira Dam on the Kurobe River in Fujiyama Prefecture was constructed so that sand which accumulated on the upstream side of the dam is expelled through a sand flushgate. Yeh, S. W. et al. 146, 19992049 (2020). ISSN 1752-0908 (online) ICZM Theoretical Framework volume16,pages 140146 (2023)Cite this article. The coast in the vicinity of the artificial channels accreted and there was erosion on the down-drift side of the river mouth. It is an artificial coastline. Another example is found in Hiaijima in Kumamoto Prefecture where a 19,000 square meter transplant site was created to replace an eelgrass site that was lost with the creation of an artificial recreational beach. Yoshinori Okuyama, Director General of the Sendai Bay South Coast Office, talks Ars through breakwater barriers. Off-shore barriers were found to be more effective in controlling rough seas and coastal beach currents. 8, 801807 (2015). Seasonal to decadal scale shoreline changes along the Cameroonian coastline, Bay of Bonny (1986 to 2020). Coastal vulnerability across the Pacific dominated by El Nio/Southern Oscillation. (316 KB), Chapter 2: BEACH EROSION CURRENT REALITY, Chapter 3: PRACTICAL MODELS FOR PREDICTING BEACH CHANGES, Chapter 4: BEACH EROSION AS STRUCTURAL PROBLEM, Classification of Causes of Beach Erosion, Beach Erosion Due to Obstruction of Longshore Sand, Beach Erosion Triggered by Construction of Wave-Sheltering Structures, Beach Erosion Due to Decrease in Fluvial Sediment Supply, Beach Erosion Triggered by Offshore Sand Mining/Dredging, Beach Erosion Triggered by Construction of Detached Breakwater as Countermeasure, Disappearance of Natural Sand Dunes Due to Excess Planting of Coasta Forest, Disappearance of Sandy Beach Triggered by Construction of Gently Sloping Revetments, Prediction of Stable Shoreline on Pocket Beach, Three-Dimensional Model for Predicting Beach Changes Using Hsu and Evans' Model, Predictive Model of Three-Dimensional Beach Changes on Coast with a Seawall by Expanding Hsu and Evans' Model, Simple Model for Predicting Three-Dimensional Beach Changes on Statically Stable Beach, Shoreline Change Model on Coasts Composed of Sand of Mixed Grain Size, Predictive Model of Shoreline and Grain Size around River Mouth, Contour-Line Change Model Considering Stabilization Mechanism of Longitudinal Profile, BG Model Predicting Three-Dimensional Beach Changes Based on Bagnold's Concept and Applications, Institutional (Legal) Issues Related to Beach Erosion, Beach Erosion Due to Obstruction of Longshore Sand Transport, Momosaki-hama Coast in Niigata Prefecture, Shinkawa Fishing Port in Niigata Prefecture, Fukude Fishing Port in Shizuoka Prefecture, Imazu-sakano Coast in Tokushima Prefecture, Teradomari and Nozumi Coasts in Niigata Prefecture, Kashiwazaki Port and Arahama Coast in Niigata Prefecture, Ajigaura Beach and Naka Coast in Ibaraki Prefecture, TojoMaebara Coast in Kamogawa City in Chiba Prefecture, Shimobara Fishing Port in Tateyama City in Chiba Prefecture, Wada Port in Wakasa Bay in Fukui Prefecture, Tsutsuki Beach on Iki Island in Nagasaki Prefecture, Shiratsuru Beach in Amakusa District in Kumamoto Prefecture, Kashiwabara Coast in Kagoshima Prefecture, Nagayama Beach on Irabu Island in Okinawa Prefecture, Shizuoka and Shimizu Coasts in Shizuoka Prefecture, Tenryu River and Enshu-nada Coast in Shizuoka Prefecture, Marginal Coast of Banzu Tidal Flat in Tokyo Bay, Mouth of Sagami River in Kanagawa Prefecture, Sumiyoshi-hama Sand Spit in Oita Prefecture, AriakeTakahama Coast in Ibaraki Prefecture, Disappearance of Natural Sand Dunes Due to Excess Planting of Coastal Forest, Nakamura-hama Coast in Niigata Prefecture, Southern Kujukuri Coast in Chiba Prefecture, Uchihama Coast on Miyako Island in Okinawa Prefecture, Three-Dimensional Model for Predicting Beach Changes Using Hsu and Evans Model, Predictive Model of Three-Dimensional Beach Changes on Coast With a Seawall by Expanding Hsu and Evans Model, Predictive Model of Shoreline and Grain Size Around River Mouth, Comparison of Results of Experiments and Numerical Simulations, BG Model Predicting Three-Dimensional Beach Changes Based on Bagnolds Concept and Applications, Application to Nagayama Beach on Irabu Island in Okinawa, Occurrence of Issues at Boundaries between Shore Protection, Port, and Fishing Port Areas, Relationship between Dredging Operations and Beach Erosion, Issues Arising from Conceptual Differences in Land Management by Coastal Act and Forest Law, Issues Related to Method by Which Public Sectors Expend Their Budgets, Necessity of Further Revision of the Coastal Act, System of Administration and Difficulty of Training of Specialists, Technical Issues Related to Beach Erosion.