political organisation of the acholi political organisation of the acholi

"[20] They have continued to work to end the war through negotiation. Finally a common social order and political culture developed, and new society and Soon after, the NRM started pacifying the northern region, which is home to several ethnics, including the Acholi and Lango. In response, Musevenis government forced 1.4 to 1.9 million civilians into camps where they ostensibly were to be protected by the Ugandan army. subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) Given the anti-Museveni sentiment of most Acholis, the LRA's inability to mobilize support - or to at least avoid repudiation by its own ethnic base - is remarkable. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customised ads. ETHNONYM: Karanga (historical) This cookie is set by Stripe payment gateway. Over the late seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, some seventy chiefdoms were founded throughout the area that became Acholi, leading to the development of a new social order and political culture, the spread of a new language (Luo), and the evolution of a new society and collective identity. century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. The n, Mende Dances and other activities surrounding spirit possession seem to have been originally introduced from Bunyoro in the early nineteenth century and then became more wide-spread during the tumultuous years of the latter part of that century. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The Acholi, unlike many of their southern neighbours, did not create a form of Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, After weaning and up to the age of 5 or 6, however, much of the day-to-day caretaking of a child has customarily been done by an opposite-sex sibling or other preadolescent (often a member of the father's lineage), called lapidi (nurse-child). NRA in 1986. The majority of elected members of parliament in the Acholi sub-region are members of the opposition.[14]. (1972). This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. Since Ugandan forces pushed the LRA out of Northern Uganda, the majority were able to return to their homes, though without much in the way of government support. Figure 5. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. connected and intertwined chiefdoms. The long civil war in the North has destroyed much of their society. With colonial rule came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the authority of a district commissioner. laws of social life among the Acholi were set up by the elders of the clans, regulating everything Okot p'Bitek (1963). "The Concept of Jok among the Acholi and Lango." Hier sind Acholi-Frauen dafr bekannt, . with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from Many of the Acholi soldiers who joined the Kings African Rifles (KAR), the British colonial army, were deployed to the frontlines in southeast Asia especially in Singapore and Burma during the World War II where they held British positions against an intense Japanese offensive. neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. Division of Labor. Building on a long-term relationship with the region and utilizing the methods of participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and a qualitative questionnaire, I identify two especially important social mechanisms that correlate with the prevalence . During the colonial period, political leadership in Acholi was contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. The relationship between (real) brother and sister is often very close, especially when one acts as the lapidi (nurse-child) to the other, as are the bonds between the children of sisters. Batswana are divided into a number of subgroups or "tribes": Bahurut, Shona The old staples of eleusine (finger) millet, sorghum, sesame, and various peas, beans, and leafy green vegetables continue to be grown, along with twentieth-century crops such as cassava, maize, peanuts (groundnuts), fruits, and cotton. According to the latest census, there are 1.47 million ethnic Acholi in Uganda, amounting to 4.4 per cent of the total population. According to the latest census, there are 1.47 million ethnic Acholi in Uganda, amounting to 4.4 per cent of the total population. "Land Tenure in Acholi." in the Western Nilotic branch of Nilo-Saharan. 26). Okeny, Kenneth (1982). The rwot was the most important political, economic and social personality in the political entity of 'chiefdoms', which were installed in Acholiland in the late seventeenth, early eighteenth century. In contrast, the Acholi and other northern ethnic groups supplied much of the national manual labour and came to comprise a majority of the military, creating what some have called a "military ethnocracy". many of them children, the conflict led to the displacement of millions. Before the late seventeenth century, Luo speakers were limited to only a few peripheral areas of Acholi. By clicking 'Accept', you consent to the use of all the cookies. ETHNONYMS: Afipa, Wafipa Peace negotiations to end the long-running rebellion by the Lords Resistance Army continued, while security in the north improved through 2007. "Acholi While rwodi, members of royal lineages, and lineage heads all seem to have been somewhat better off than others before the latter part of the nineteenth century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both limited wealth in the society and redistribution. Kitgum, Pader and Gulu, the three districts of the Acholi sub-region, each established peace forums for continuing discussions. With independence, the Acholi remained marginal within the framework of Uganda as a whole, with one crucial exception: their disproportionate numbers in the police and army. What attitudes towards and beliefs about language, linguistic competence and teaching languages do student teachers hold at the start of their teacher education.. How, It addresses the practices used for managing linguistic diversity in downstream relationships, particularly focusing on the role of language nodes at the, LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE, Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Language Learners (ELLs) and monolingual children with and, Recently, Wang, Teng, and Chen (2015) conducted a study to examine students attitude toward the use of iPad in English Vocabulary Learning. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Identification. The thesis will centre not on the inevitability of the war, but will instead focus on the political processes that preceded it. alongside the other Luo groups in Uganda and Kenya following several waves of migration The Acholi occupy a 39,000-square-kilometer area, three-fourths of which lies within Uganda, extending roughly from 215 to 4159 N and 3325 to 3345 E. Their neighbors include the Luo-speaking Lango, Paluo, and Alur to the south and southwest, the Central Sudanic-speaking Madi to the west, and the Eastern Nilotic Jie and Karamojong to the east. [10] General Tito Okello was an Acholi, and came to power in a military coup. The Acholi or Acoli are part of Luo-speaking Nilotic people of East Africa who lives predominantly in Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, and Pader; and Magwe County in South Sudan. The third group of spirits were those of unknown persons and dangerous beasts; these were hostile, personified as ghosts, believed to cause sickness and other misfortunes, and dealt with by means of spirit possession. Marriage. Since 1996 this policy has expanded to encompass the entire rural Acholi population of four districts, one million people. majority peasant population. Since the Lords Resistance Army was largely pushed out of Northern Uganda, the majority of Acholi more than 80 per cent have been able to return to their homes. In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible for social control, though one of the attractions that assisted the development of chiefdoms seems to have been the ability of rwodi to help settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. In the pre-colonial era, all the Acholi believed in the same superior being, YA Latwer. Dholuo, which is spoken in in the West of Kenya. It was not until 1995 that a constitutional reform recognized such cultural leaders, but they have not been fully restored to previous powers, as so much of society has changed. Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers - Acholi and Langi - in government. Odongo, J. M. Onyango-ku-, and J. The Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. This special access to Uganda's security forces has alternately presented opportunity and danger as a succession of regimes replaced one another in a cycle of political violence often played out in ethnic (or "tribal") terms. coming from the territory of present-day South Sudan over a period spanning multiple centuries. This cookie is set by Facebook to deliver advertisement when they are on Facebook or a digital platform powered by Facebook advertising after visiting this website. In the past, medical problems were addressed through approaches to various spirits, by visits to diviners, and by the use of herbs, roots, and other folk medicines. Sign up to Minority rights Group International's newsletter to stay up to date with the latest news and publications. He was defeated in January 1986. Over the twentieth century, chiefdoms in Acholi have become vestigial institutions, and the fences that once enclosed villages have disappeared. 116-25 Section 3101, requires electronic filing by exempt organizations in tax years beginning after July 1, 2019. Identification. 30. However, the date of retrieval is often important. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". The cookie is set by Facebook to show relevant advertisments to the users and measure and improve the advertisements. neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. (1976). Therefore, that information is unavailable for most Encyclopedia.com content. ." Due to its central location and the close The camps caused misery and sufferingwith a conservative death toll of 1,000 people a week. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few morphed into Chuuli, before finally becoming Acholi as it was applicated with the pronoun Milton Obote (1962-71, 1980-85). The Acholi are proud and loud, but have been exposed as a group without a uniting leadership. limited wealth in the society and redistribution. The northerners also contributed to the further evolution of an Acholi identity, not only by introducing the name "Shuuli," which eventually became "Acholi," but by acting in ways that promoted Acholi as a meaningful ethnic and geographic entity. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. Idi Amin (197179) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. The term Mende refers to both the people and the langua, Achievements by Indian Physical Scientists, https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/acholi. They have also "played a vital role in Acholi traditional reconciliation processes and in preparing the community to receive former combatants. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. Despite the years of leadership by men from the North, that region continued to be marginalized economically after independence, and has suffered higher rates of poverty than other areas of the country. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. Traditionally, a grave is dug as soon as a person has died, following which a small and brief ceremony is held in the deceased's house prior to burial. of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo and Pader. [6] While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudanese border, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". When not disrupted or dispossessed by the violence endemic since the mid-1980s, most Acholi remain primarily mixed farmers. (1936). were able gain wealth by trading mainly in ivory. The republican constitution adopted in 1967 abolished the monarchies and assigned ultimate political power to an elected president. The documentary focused on the unofficial discourse of the LRA war and it was largely critical of the Ugandan government role in the LRA war. Hansen, Holger B., and Michael Twaddle, eds. The Holy Spirit Movement and Its Fight against Evil in the North." With higher population densities during the dry seasons, groups of families would fall under the rule of one person known as Jago, or clan chief (Cohen & Atieno-Odhiambo, 1968 , p . The cookie is used to store information of how visitors use a website and helps in creating an analytics report of how the website is doing. At the peak of the conflict, 90% of the Acholi population moved into IDP camps designed as protected villages. Tito and Bazilio, who were Acholi by tribe, fled the country into exile. (unpublished thesis) Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International . Most prominent among them was the Uganda People's Army (UPA) in Teso and Lango sub region, the West Nile Bank Frontiers (WNBF) in the West Nile region, the Uganda People's Democratic Army, the Holy Spirit Movement and the LRA in the Acholi region. With the coming of the ivory and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. The Age-set spokesmen handled affairs involving interclan cooperation. settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. . Atkinson (2011 [1994]) wrote on this issue: First came the establishment of new, chiefly, socio-political institutions and ideology. They also kept goats, sheep and cattle. Under Amins brutal regime, an estimated 300,000 died many of them Acholi. 53- Twentieth-century densities have been consistently the second lowest in all of Uganda (after Karamoja). The Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) under the leadership of Joseph Kony has waged a war against Yoweri Museveni's government. Idi Amin (1971-79) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end Precolonial trade, both within Acholi and throughout the region, focused mainly on obtaining iron ore and finished iron products in exchange for baskets or products of the farm, herd, or hunt. Then, copy and paste the text into your bibliography or works cited list. Notable among the Acholi soldiers who made the ranks were Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa, Brig. T(h)uri Kumam Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team The Roots of Ethnicity: The Origins of the Acholi of Uganda before 1800. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. Mothers are responsible for the initial care of their children and for much of their socialization. Certain rwodi and interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. The Acholi have a modified Iroquois kinship-terminology system, reflecting Acholi's patrilineal and patrilocal ideology. Acholi Quarter in Kampala, for example, is largely populated by formerly rural Acholi from Northern Uganda, uprooted by years of conflict and now caught in a situation of prolonged displacement. into the independence era. Identification and Location. The personal and group loss resulting from death is acknowledged as real and permanent. At its peak in 2005 over Encyclopedia.com. Uganda journal 27(1): 15-30. "[21] In discussing the peace talks of 20052007, Latigo noted leaders who called for a revival of the traditional processes of the indigenous people by which they worked for accountability and justice, namely, mato oput. The full integration of the Acholi into the British colonial complex happened comparatively late. their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families.